Applied Cosmetic Science and Technology Applied Cosmetic Science and Technology

The uniformity of a coated makeup film is crucial for achieving a beautiful and natural makeup appearance. Various formulation technologies have been developed to enhance the film uniformity, such as techniques to improve uniformity through pigment dispersion and technologies to sustain uniformity with film-forming agents. However, because the makeup layer is not a single continuous film, essential challenges arise, such as sinking into the skin's unevenness upon application and transfer to items like masks, which compromise uniformity. Furthermore, the thoroughness of makeup removal depends on the uniformity of hand movements. To overcome these challenges, a new approach of changing the skin before applying makeup formulations was developed, with the aim of understanding the underlying mechanisms behind it. We developed a technology utilizing the direct-electrospinning (D-ES) method, wherein an ultra-thin film is formed by electrospinning fine fibers directly onto the skin using a portable device, with an adhesive primer, before applying the foundation. Superior makeup effects of uniform appearance, long-lasting uniformity, and uniform removability were observed. Scanning electron microscopy observations clarified 3 unique structures: (a) the film-bridged skin grooves, (b) pigments existing inside the fine fiber network, and (c) makeup pigments existing away from the skin. These results indicate that these structures led to superior makeup effects.