Applied Cosmetic Science and Technology Applied Cosmetic Science and Technology

This study addresses the common issue of foundation transferring onto clothes, particularly with liquid foundations (LF), and presents an innovative solution using particle-stabilized emulsion liquid foundation (PELF) to reduce secondary adhesion. Traditional approaches to mitigating transfer rely on enhancing evaporation, which can lead to undesirable effects such as skin dryness and powder aggregation. This research proposes an alternative approach inspired by the porous structure of diatomaceous earth: selectively drying the foundation surface to form a barrier against transfer while maintaining comfort and sensory appeal. PELF is made using hydrophobic silica particles to stabilize a water-in-oil emulsion, forming a porous structure as water evaporates. Unlike conventional surfactant-based liquid foundations (CSLFs) or oil-dispersed liquid foundations (ODLFs), PELF uniquely features particle-covered droplets that generate pores upon drying. Structural analyses using SEM and X-ray computed tomography confirmed the porous morphology of PELF, while CSLF and ODLF lacked similar porosity. Secondary adhesion resistance tests revealed that PELF outperforms CSLF under various drying times and pressures, showing a significant reduction in transfer by up to 90%. Higher water content in PELF formulations further enhanced adhesion resistance. Evaporation rate comparisons indicated similar initial rates for PELF and CSLF. Porosity, simulated based on aqueous phase ratios, correlated positively with adhesion resistance. The study concludes that the porous structure of PELF, enabled by particle stabilization, significantly improves secondary adhesion resistance without compromising texture. This technology holds potential for broader applications, including smudge-resistant sunscreens and makeup products, offering improved convenience and user satisfaction.